A critical assessment of the potential and limitations of physicochemical analysis to advance knowledge on Levantine rock art

This paper offers an updated review of the variety physicochemical analysis applied so far to Levantine rock art (Spain) characterize composition pigments, as well substrate and/or natural coating covering these particular prehistoric paintings. is part a broader special issue evaluating real contribution scientific approaches research, assessing how they have improved our understanding this heritage and new research questions open. In context, with focus on art, aim explore: 1. The guiding principles behind different sorts conducted published far; 2. non-invasive invasive techniques answer raised, 3. If result yet met expectations researchers. We also reflect potential, limitations future developments sort studies, ethics desirable protocols applying UNESCO World Heritage listed archaeological remain. While discussions raised by experiences reported in relation various used are global interest, especially when dealing open-air art.